One of the most common questions I hear in clinic is, “Doctor, why do I keep getting this?” That’s a fair question. Rhinitis doesn’t just appear out of nowhere. There are always underlying triggers and risk factors, and in a city like Kuala Lumpur, we’re exposed to many of them daily — often without realising it.
Understanding what causes rhinitis is the key to controlling it. Treating symptoms alone without addressing triggers is like mopping the floor while the tap is still running.
The Core Mechanism: Why the Nose Reacts
At its core, rhinitis occurs when the nasal lining becomes overly sensitive or inflamed. In allergic rhinitis, the immune system misidentifies harmless substances as threats. In non-allergic rhinitis, the nerves and blood vessels in the nose overreact to environmental changes.
Either way, the result is the same: swelling, excess mucus, and irritation.
Common Causes of Allergic Rhinitis
1. House Dust Mites (The Biggest Culprit in Malaysia)
If you live in Kuala Lumpur, this deserves special attention. Dust mites thrive in warm, humid environments — exactly the conditions found in most Malaysian homes.
They hide in:
- Mattresses and pillows
- Curtains and sofas
- Carpets and soft toys
Many patients feel worse in the morning because they’ve been exposed all night.
2. Pollen and Outdoor Allergens
While pollen allergy is more seasonal in temperate countries, exposure still occurs in Malaysia due to:
- Urban landscaping
- Grass cutting
- Construction dust
Outdoor allergens may worsen symptoms during certain times of the year or after rain.
3. Animal Dander
Cats and dogs are common household pets. Even if the pet isn’t in the bedroom, allergens travel easily through the air and cling to clothes and furniture.
4. Mould Spores
Poor ventilation, bathrooms, and air-conditioning systems can harbour mould. This is a frequent but overlooked trigger in apartments and offices around Klang Valley.
Non-Allergic Rhinitis: Triggers That Aren’t Allergies
Not all rhinitis is allergic. In fact, a large proportion of adult patients have non-allergic rhinitis.
Air Pollution and Traffic Fumes
Living or working near busy roads, construction sites, or industrial areas exposes the nasal lining to irritants. Kuala Lumpur traffic emissions are a well-known trigger.
Weather and Temperature Changes
Ever noticed your nose blocking up the moment you step into an air-conditioned mall? Sudden temperature changes cause blood vessels in the nose to swell — a classic feature of vasomotor rhinitis.
Strong Smells and Chemicals
Perfumes, cleaning agents, cigarette smoke, and even incense can trigger symptoms in sensitive individuals.
Medication-Induced Rhinitis
Overuse of topical nasal decongestant sprays is a common problem. What starts as short-term relief can lead to rebound congestion, known medically as rhinitis medicamentosa.
Lifestyle and Personal Risk Factors
Certain individuals are more prone to rhinitis than others.
Family History
If rhinitis, asthma, or eczema runs in the family, the risk increases.
Coexisting Asthma or Sinus Disease
The nose and lungs are part of the same airway system. Poorly controlled rhinitis often worsens asthma symptoms and vice versa.
Occupational Exposure
People working in:
- Construction
- Factories
- Laboratories
- Healthcare settings
may be exposed to dust, chemicals, or fumes that irritate the nasal lining.
Smoking and Second-Hand Smoke
Smoking damages the nasal mucosa and worsens inflammation. Second-hand smoke exposure is just as harmful.
Why Kuala Lumpur Residents Are at Higher Risk
Urban living increases exposure to:
- Air pollution
- Indoor allergens
- Stress and poor sleep
- Prolonged air-conditioning use
All of these contribute to chronic nasal inflammation.
The Big Picture
Rhinitis isn’t caused by a single factor. It’s usually the result of multiple triggers acting together. Identifying these triggers is the foundation of effective treatment — and it’s something an ENT specialist is trained to do.
👉 In Part 4, we’ll discuss when you should see a doctor, and why delaying proper assessment often leads to chronic problems.
If your nasal symptoms keep returning despite medications, it’s time to look deeper. A detailed ENT evaluation can identify hidden triggers and help you regain long-term control over rhinitis.
Dr. Ameen, ENT Specialist in Kuala Lumpur 
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